Ethno Religious Crisis in Nigeria Causes and Remedy.

ETHNO RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND REMEDY. BY MUHAMMAD GAMBO ISGOGO HASSAN ADAMU MAKUKU UMAR HAMIDU ALIYU ABSTRACT Introduction Nigeria is no doubt a populous nation of over 88 million (1991 population census) but as at now Nigeria’s population is estimated to be above 120 million people of diverse ethnic groups and many religions. Its people are differently distributed in the 36 states that made up the nation. In addition to this, the nation is blessed with many economic potentialities which help in the movement of the various peoples through the process of economic inter-dependence. Though abounds with human and natural resources, the country has since independence witnessed a number of inter and intra ethnic and religious†¦show more content†¦One could say at this juncture that, this suspicion and fear still shapes the relationship between the peoples of these various corners of the country. This is also the genesis of the subsequent crisis of ethnic nature in Nigeria. Today, Nigerians feel insecure in the regions other than their own. The sectional feeling further manifests i tself clearly in the unhealthy competition in all aspects of the government between the peoples of the North, West and East. Tensions between these peoples become more and more intensified with each trying to protect its sectional interest. On this note, Awolowo, cited in Ekeh, P.P. and Osaghae, E.E. eds blamed the British: For dividing the North from the South so thoroughly and effectively that the two were divergently and almost irreconcilably oriented4 With Federalism which was instituted to primarily to avoid one ethnic group dominating others and also protecting the interests of the minorities, the nation was once again split into regions, each with its autonomous power. In this political arrangement also, it was observed that: The colonial administrators have passed on to the Nigerian wards the prejudices which had enabled them think and act in the belief that this informal federation was a marriage of convenience between incompatibles 5. With this impression in the minds of Nigerian peoples, it becomes very difficult for them to workShow MoreRelatedSocio-Economic and Political Dimensions of Conflict4145 Words   |  17 Pagesconflicts in Nigeria alone. This is due to the fact that, as the most populous and heterogeneous nation in Africa, Nigeria has had its fair share of conflicts dating back to the colonial era. Again, all the conflicts that have been witnessed in the country can be said to have socio-economic and political undertones. But differently, conflict is a regular feature in Nigeria, due largely to the multi-ethnic and plural nature of the nation; as the various ethnic nationalities and religious adherents tryRead MoreState of Emergency: Legal and Political Implications in Nigeria5586 Words   |  23 PagesINTRODUCTION Emergency in ordinary parlance means a time of crisis, a moment of danger or suspense. A state of emergency therefore is a governmental declaration that recognises the existence of this peculiar situation and takes some necessary actions to restore the peace and governmental stability of the society. During this period, the maxim, salus populi suprema lex has a special force and to that effect, some normal functions of the executive, legislative and judicial powers may be suspended.Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edmonds, Ennis Barrington. Rastafari : from outcasts to culture bearers / Ennis Barrington Edmonds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-513376-5 1. Rastafari movement. 2. Jamaica—Religious life and customs. I. Title. BL2532.R37 E36 2002 299†².676—dc21 2002074897 v To Donnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive and

George Eliots novel Silas Marner Essay Example For Students

George Eliots novel Silas Marner Essay In the following essay, I will be examining the way in which George Eliot has portrayed the theme of money in Silas Marner and its consequent effect on the characters, the relationship between them, and the plot. George Eliot herself described Silas Marner as a story of old fashioned village life and as such, it has long been a favourite amongst her novels. It combines comments on morality and religion in a narrative of life in England during the artisan industry. The story centres around the weaver of Raveloe, Silas Marner whom before experiencing the events that had a major effect on his life was just an honest individual well integrated in the church community in Lantern Yard and eagerly awaiting his wedding day. All of this, however, was to take a dramatic turn for the worse when he was framed by William Dane (who he thought was his best friend) and was said to have stolen money from the dying deacon whom he was supposed to watch. Silas was later falsely accused and consequently found guilty by the lots. His friend who betrays and blames him for the murder steals his love, Nancy Lammeter, whom he was eagerly awaiting to wed, from him. These events are the basis for the motivation of Silas alienation from society, as Eliot describes on page 11 when writing the past becomes dreamy because its symbols have all vanished, and the present too dreamy because it is linked with no memories, and rejects his faith in God and evangelical beliefs. As a means of escape, he takes up weaving, as a reprieve from his inner pain and suffering. The second chapter finds Silas fleeing to Lantern Yard, escaping from the misfortunes experienced. Eliot follows this up when writing In the early ages of the world, we know, it was believed that each territory was inhabited and ruled by its own divinities, so that man could cross the bordering heights and be out of the reach of his native Gods In other words, the trust Silas previously had in faith and in the church had turned to bitterness. No longer was his trust in the Lord present in his disintegrating life. Here he leads a half-life in Raveloe alone in his loom and his gold which becomes his obsessive endeavour before later being replaced by the gold haired Eppie, helping to reawaken Silas to society. As far as the event of Lantern Yard goes William Dane, Silas best friend steals the dying deacons money in order to win the heart of Silas long time love, Sarah Lammeter and consequently land his friend into hot water. This fate is devastating for Silas, disappointed in friendship and love, and therefore opting to depart Lantern Yard and society as a whole. His gold now becomes the object of his work, and nothing but weaving his loom day and night in order to earn more of the gold matters. Eliot admits, money had stood him as the symbol of earthly good, and the immediate object of toil His life had reduced itself to the mere functions of weaving and hoarding, without any contemplation of an end towards which the functions tended. Money, therefore, in this case is a replacement for all that is missing from Silas life and a means of filling the spiritual void left by the abandonment of religion. Money is portrayed as a replacement for human contact and faith in God. The next two chapters see Eliot turning her attention to the Cass family, whom we learn, is a wealthy, prominent family of nobles headed by Squire Cass. The importance of money to Dunstan, who is portrayed as a mischievous, spiteful fellow and second born son of the Cass family, is made evident in Chapter 4. Here he resorts to stealing Silas gold in an attempt to comfort his own brothers (Godfrey) financial troubles. He is forced into committing this robbery after the horse (Wildfire) which his brother Godfrey originally allowed Dunstan to sell in order to solve their financial troubles, dies tragically. While it is Dunstan who uses this to his own advantage by threatening to tell his father of Godfreys secret marriage to Molly Farren, it is his older brother who ends up in the predicament with his father for owing debts in the first place. The proposed plan was for was for Dunstan to sell Wildfire to a friend of the family, which he agreed to after a generous offer. Inside Dunstans mind, on the other hand, he thinks that a greater profit would be assembled should the horse be entered into a dog hunt. Subsequently and tragically, disaster strikes during the hunt with the horse falling into a pit, leading to its untimely death. The result was contrary to expectation and the catastrophe only acknowledges the fate of the moneys adversity and how in the most improbable of circumstances it can cause great distress. Dunstans opportunist state of mind when entering the horse for the race portrays the elements of greed and arrogance convincingly. Neglecting the demand from a trustworthy family member for the horse, Dunstan opted as an alternative to enter Wildfire into a race, identifying the opportunity of making some extra money and thus grabbing the opportunity with both hands. On the other hand, we can look at Dunstans actions sympathetically. He was, after all in a predicament of having to lend a helping hand in paying back his brothers debts. The misfortune of money is further confirmed through Dunstans next little misadventure, not merely for himself, however, but coincidentally for Silas. These subsequent events find Dunstan paying the absent Silas house a visit, at first hoping the lonely weaver will compassionately loan him a sum of his money. However, when later discovering Silas absence he realises that there is nothing there to prevent him from simply stealing the gold, which he does without hesitation. At this stage of the novel, we cannot help but speculate as to the consequent effect the event will have on Silas and how he will go about dealing with it. Money at this point is his only passion and comfort and its absence would be devastating, to say the least. Chapter XIII: Of ceremonies in the enterview of kings   EssayThis is the first time many of the residents have seen Silas out of his shell. The opinion concerning the robbery of the gold is divided amongst the people. Some are sceptical while others offer a helping hand in sympathy. Here we sense a positive side effect to the whole situation by recognising Silas need to communicate with the others in order to get his gold back, after being alienated for so long. Money at this point appears to be the cause of his reintegration to society after earlier being the subject of his alienation. Eliot admits that Silas is being forced to open himself up in order to ask for help when writing This strangely novel situation of opening his trouble to his Raveloe neighbours, of sitting in the warmth of a heart not his own, and feeling in the presence of faces and voices which were his nearest promise of help, had doubtless its influence on Marner, in spite of his passionate preoccupation with his loss Even the villagers in Chapter 10 show a positive attitude and are willing to comfort him by visiting his cottage and bringing gifts. When asked, however, to attend a church service and seek refuge in his faith Silas refuses, already disillusioned with the religion he had formerly trusted in. The same chapter finds Silas in deep mourning over the robbery. He is described as a man more confused and desolate than ever, spending most of his time bent over in a chair, holding his head in his hands. I feel some sympathy for Silas at this stage because his decision to leave the door unlocked only reflected the confidence he had in his judgement over the towns residents in the past 15 years. His unfit state of mind even before the incident was partly responsible for his greed and reasoning love for his gold. He was let down in friendship and the trust once had in his evangelical beliefs had also vanished. The significant quote in this chapter is The loom was there, and the weaving, and the growing pattern in the cloth, but the bright treasure in the hole under his feet was gone, the prospect off handling and counting it was gone: the evening had no phantasm of delight to still the poor souls craving, detailing Silas mourning over the robbery of his gold. It is not however until the unexpected appearance of the gold haired Eppie in chapter 12 that Silas is reawakened to society. The child toddles to Silas house after Molly had fallen into the snow. It appears that fate has compensated Silas in this time of despair with Eppie transforming his reclusive life into one full of love and newfound happiness. His attention has now turned to Eppie, a person to love, and thus helping Silas to understand a mutual connection with something other than his gold. Ironic to note that fate has turned the gold haired Eppie into Silas newfound love and happiness metaphorically replacing his previous ambition of gold. Eliot thus portrays Eppie as a sort of metaphor and writes how fate has blessed Silas with his miracles. The point Eliot is trying to make is that the love for a human being is more fulfilling than the love of money. Ironic also because one member of the Cass family took Silas gold while the other gave Silas his daughter. Eliot portrays very well the concept than man cannot live in a vacuum all his life. Though Silas finds some satisfaction in his tenacious weaving and hoarding of gold, he only discovers true happiness after he dedicates himself to inter-personal relationships. Though his exile from Lantern Yard proves devastating to his self confidence and trust in others and God, fifteen years later when Silas makes a full recovery adopting Eppie to replace his loss of money with love of a daughter. The fact that Lantern Yard has disappeared years later when Silas and Eppie go to visit it suggests that the town no longer dear to Silas. In fact, the removal of the town serves as a metaphor for Silass ability to find happiness outside the past. This makes sense because since the weaver has recovered and Eppie has opened his eyes to the reality of the world again, his soul is no longer separate from his body. On the other side, we have the Cass family, a wealthy upper class group showing that money can buy you no happiness, as the selfish scoundrels of Dunstan and Godfrey do not get their own way. As a wealthy Godfrey (Eppies natural father), a victim of circumstance who disclaimed the child tries to claim her back at the age of 18 she refuses. Eliot strongly emphasises the point here that nurture wins over nature and that Godfrey, with all his money, cannot buy the one thing that would bring him and Nancy happiness, a child to love. For Silas, Eppie is seen as the fulfilment of natural justice. Silas says, God gave her to me because you turned your back on her, and he looks upon her as mine youve no right to her! When a man turns a blessing from his door, it falls to them as take it in, acknowledging that Silas should be the father rather than Godfrey. We learn that money is one of the central themes of the book with Eliot leaving many morals to comprehend concerning its weaving together of the lives of various characters and being one of the main factors of the novel and in truth everyday life to this day.

What type Of Fan Are You Essays - Fans, Fan, Hobbyists,

There are different types of sport fans you commonly see at a sporting event. The first type of fan is the fantasy type; they are fans of individual players, and really don?t follow one specific team. The fantasy fan has knowledge of what type of sport activities there is. The second type of sports fan is the bandwagon type. These type fans that have no knowledge of what is going on or who is even playing. They also don?t follow one specific team just the teams that are winning or leading in there standings. The next type of fan is the diehard fan; these fans usually follow one specific team and generally are a season ticket holder. They do know information about their team only and no other teams. They usually own their teams clothing apparel also, for example of items is hats, jerseys, coats, and jackets. The final type of sport fan is the partier type. These types of fans don?t care about nothing, but what is there to drink and where is the buffet at. No knowledge of the type of g ame played, or what teams are even playing. They don?t follow stats or players. As you can see, there is a wide variety of sport fan types.

Floowing in the Footsteps essays

Floowing in the Footsteps essays With everything the United Sates does, in society, politics, and more, many wonder weather we are just following what Ancient Rome had. They had Senators, monuments, public displays of entertainment. As does the US, but with everything she shares with Rome there are a thousand things different. The US might have been following in the footsteps of Rome but now she is making her own path. The Roman Empire lasted from 27bc to 476ad. During this time most of the most memorable things happened to it, that most people remember. The United States has always been a democracy with more than one person in charge of everything. The Roman Empire was marvelous, top of its times with everything, but the United States becomes the top by herself. Not by conquering other countries. She even gives away countries she does get, like the Filippines. The US uses her own self and her own people to get ahead, which she most diffidently didnt get from Rome. For the most part, the US has been cutting her own path, but some things are obviously similar. There are only so many ways to divide a country so she does have some things in common with Rome. Just because if these similarities, that does not mean that she is copying Rome. For all thats similar and all thats different, the United States has worked hard as a country, fighting wars abroad and within her own boundaries. Through it all, the US stayed strong as a country and is still here today. As for Rome, it was torn apart by invaders and internal conflict. Who knows what will happen to the United Sates. One must follow her in her path to find out. ...

Climate change and H5N1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Climate change and H5N1 - Essay Example This subtype virus was first discovered in 1960 in china. It was then discovered in Hong Kong as a direct transmission of the virus from birds to humans. Recent studies show that the wide spread statistics of the virus is reported over 60 countries in the world. Scientists have been on the look out to analyze whether the global climate change has any risk factors towards the widespread viral situation (Joan,138). Different studies have been reported towards the virus highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N1. Through understanding the causes of the condition mode of spread, findings can be concluded towards the effects of climate change as a risk factor. A number of studies will be analyzed here. Different years will be analyzed also. Data for the different continent spread is analyzed here through the periods when the global climatic effects were felt. The disease influenza is caused by transmission of the virus from birds to humans. The predisposing risk factor is coming into contact with the virus. Research was done over the different continents from January 2004 to December 2009. Throughout this period, the epidemic waves are assessed. Global warming that has enhanced the mosquito transmitting the virus to thrive in different continents. These have been felt largely in the northern America as well as Europe. The excessive heat during the early summer period has seen a huge outbreak of the disease. The mosquito transmits the bird in turn it enters the human systems. The virus has been analyzed and seen to survive more effectively during the cold weather. This in turn leads to its wide spread during the winter and early summer. The global change in climate has cause a different trend in the movement of birds that carry the virus from Asia to other parts of the world. Their movement entails a longer stay in one place, lack of ordinary migration movement in time assessment, the length before stopping

Christianity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christianity - Assignment Example Christianity, through the bible, defines anger as a sin of an attitude that is mental (Lester 85). Anger, as a sin, expresses exasperation, antagonism, resentment, indignation, and outrage. Anger is also an inducer of emotions, which are, however, not angry feelings. The pattern of thoughts, which caused the feeling to be produced, is what is referred to as sinful anger. Via the bible, Christianity defines a type of anger that is not of a sinful nature and calls it righteous indignation. This anger does not beget emotion. This goes to show that anger is a sin when emotions are involved. The Christian bible utilizes two words from Greek to denote anger: orge, which is referent to mental anger and thumos, which is referent to mental anger. It is a possibility to possess mental anger while at the same time not showing any emotional response. Ephesians 4:31 says that ogre and thumos are bitterness related (Lester 85). As a sin, anger causes man to sin against his fellow men. It breeds self-righteousness, gossip, complaining, and maligning. Righteous indignation and anger are reactions of a mental nature to circumstances or events (Lester 86). When the reaction cannot be justified, it turns to irrationality, irritation, and exasperation. Anger of a sinful nature has several characteristics. Gal 5:19-21 lumps it with impunity, immorality, idolatry, enmities, strife, among others. Therefore, it is a sin from the nature of sin.

A Brothers Love Essay Example for Free

A Brothers Love Essay When you compare Louis Erdrichs story The Red Convertible and James Baldwins story Sonnys Blues, they seem like completely different stories. The Red Convertible is about two brothers, Lyman and Henry, who grow up on a Native American reservation in North Dakota. The two brothers share a strong bond that is personified through their love for a certain red car that they share. They go through an amazing Journey and discover a lot about each other. On the other hand, Sonnys Blues is also about two brothers, however their Journey goes a completely different oute than Lyman and Henrys. In Sonnys Blues, the narrator and his little brother, Sonny, start out as distant and forgotten family members. Through Sonnys love for music, and his older brothers gradual acceptance, the two grow a stronger bond than ever before. Although the two are indeed about different topics, there are some parallels to recognize as well. The Red Convertible and Sonnys Blues are alike for many reasons, but the most prominent similarity is the theme of brotherhood. For instance, in Sonnys Blues, the dynamic between the two brothers changes from eing completely distant to finally understanding each other, despite their differences. The growth of a relationship is an important factor in true brotherhood. An example of the two brothers taking a step in the right direction is when they meet after Sonny is let out of prison. It has been a while since they have spoken last, and the older brother narrates, miet, when he smiled, when we shook hands, the baby brother Id never known looked out from the depths of his private life, like an animal waiting to be coaxed into the light. (Baldwin, 312) The other brother is realizing that e has never really known his baby brother because his true self was always buried beneath the mask of his drug addiction. We can see here that the other brother is seeing that Sonny is trying to let himself into the light, or trying to finally get himself to a better place in life. The turning point in the story where Sonnys love for music gets truly understood by his brother, is at the end of the story when he is playing his gig. The older brother states, For, while the tale of how we suffer, and how we are delighted, and how we may triumph is never new, it always must be heard. There isnt any other tale to tell, its the only light weve got in all this darkness. (Baldwin, 324) This statement by Sonnys older brother shows that he has finally opened up his heart to accept that his little brother is getting better and expressing himself through music. Like in Sonnys Blues, Henry and Lyman go through a similar Journey in The Red Convertible, where they discover their own Journey through brotherhood. Unlike Sonnys progression of his relationship with his brother, Henry and Lymans relationship starts out ver y strong but dies out in the end. Although the two stories have different outcomes, the core theme of brotherhood is the same. In The Red Convertible, Henry and Lyman are best friends, and spend every moment hanging out with each other. They are inseparable, until Henrys decision to Join the army for three years tears them apart. When Henry returns, Lyman is concerned as he remembers the times wed sat still for the whole afternoon, Henry always had a Joke, then, too, and now you couldnt get him to laugh (Erdrich, 74). Lyman is realizing that his brother nas changed and is disassociated wit n his tormer selt. Lyman is pain stricken because the strength of their brotherhood was slipping through his fingers. Overall, both stories express the motivation and strength that a brotherhood can give. Despite their similarities in overall theme, the two stories are different regarding the symbols that connect the brothers. In Sonnys Blues, the factor that allowed Sonny and his brother to break the barrier between them was his music. Living in Harlem, there isnt many ways to express yourself or let yourself be heard, so music was an escape. Through Sonnys infatuation with music, his brother was able o see beyond his drug addiction and begin to start the re-birth of their relationship. At the end of the story, Sonnys brother was watching him play, But Just before they started playing again, Sonny sipped from it and looked toward me, and nodded (Baldwin, 326). At this point, it is as if Sonnys brother accepted him through the music and finally feels that connection that only brothers can share. Music is a central symbol in Sonnys Blues and creates a stepping stone for the two brothers relationship to grow. On the other hand, we have The Red Convertible, which has a uch different object that directs the story. In The Red Convertible, Henry and Lymans relationship is driven by their love for their red car they had bought together. The red flashy car resembles the boys resilient and carefree view on life, and the strength of the bond they shared in the beginning of the story. However, after Henry returns from Vietnam, he is a changed man and according to Lyman, The change was no good. (Erdrich, 72) Lyman hopes that the car might bring the old Henry back somehow (Erdrich, 75), but is let down when Henry shows no interest in he car. Ironically, Henry ends up destroying the car which, symbolically, destroys the relationship between the two brothers as well. Like the music in Sonnys Blues, the red car in The Red Convertible was a symbol for the change in the brothers relationship. The relationship between two brothers can be transitive, whether it starts distant and grow close like in Sonnys Blues, or the other way around as we saw in The Red Convertible. While each story may have different symbols and storylines, we still see the theme of both the true nature of brotherhood.